Astronomy 113, Session 003, Spring 2006
Instructor: Jie Zhang
Final Exam: 7:30 – 10:15 PM, Wednesday, May 10
Final Exam Review Topics
Note: 1. Final exam consists of 100 multiple choice questions
2. Review list is ordered by chapters and sections.
2. Sections indicated by ‘-----‘ may be skipped when preparing for the final.
3. There are about 1 to 2 questions for each section listed below. The more items in the section, the more questions.
· Chap. 18 --- Our Star, The Sun
1. Energy of the Sun, thermonuclear reaction, hydrogen fusion into helium
2. Sun’s internal structure, three layers: core, radiative zone and convection zone
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4. ------
5. Sun’s atmosphere, three layers: photosphere, chromosphere, corona; photosphere, granules
6. Chromosphere
7.
8. sunspot; sunspot cycle or solar cycle
9. sunspot: region of strong magnetic field; zeeman effect; magnetogram
10. ------
· Chap. 19 --- the Nature of the Stars
1. Stellar parallax; pc; ly; distance to stars
2. Luminosity; relation between distance, (apparent) brightness and luminosity; inverse-square law
3. Apparent magnitude; absolute magnitude; magnitude scale
4. Star’s surface temperature and color
5. Stellar spectrum; Spectral classes: O, B, A, F, G, K, M;
6. Relation between luminosity, surface temperature and radius
7. Hertzsbrung-Russell (H-R) diagram
§ Main sequence stars
§ Red giant stars
§ Supergiant stars
§ White dwarf stars
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9. Mass of stars; Kepler’s law for binary star systems; Mass-luminosity relation
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· Chap. 20 --- The Birth of Stars
1. Introduction to stellar evolution
2. Interstellar medium: gas and dust
·
Nebulae
·
Dark
nebulae
·
Emission
nebulae; H II region
· Interstellar extinction
3. Protostar
4. Pre-main-sequence evolution; dependence on mass
5. ------
6. Young star clusters with H II regions
7. Giant molecular clouds; star birth
· Chap. 21 --- Stellar Evolution: After the Main Sequence
1. Main sequence stars’ life time
· zero-age main sequence stars
· life time dependence on stellar mass
· Red giants
· Core hydrogen burning out
· Shell hydrogen fusion; shell expansion
2. Helium fusion at the core
· degenerate-electron pressue
· helium flash
· Evolution of the Sun
3. Evolution of star cluster in H-R diagram; turn-off point and age
4. Population I stars and Population II stars
5. Pulsating stars; Cepheid variables; Period-luminosity Relation
6. Mass transfer in binary star systems; Roche lobe
· Chap. 22 --- Stellar Evolution: The Deaths of Stars
1. Post-main-sequence evolution
a. Red giant branch: shell hydrogen fusion
b. Horizontal-branch: core helium fusion, shell hydrogen fusion
c. Asymptotic giant branch (AGB stars): shell helium fusion, shell hydrogen fusion
2. Carbon stars; convection in AGB stars
3. Planetary nebula; run-away shells of AGB stars
4. White dwarf stars: burn-out core; Chandrasekhar limit
5. High-mass stars; Supergiants; heavy elements in the onion-structured core
6. Supernova explosions; iron core collapse; supernova remnants;
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8. -----
9. Type I and Type II supernovae
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· Chap. 23 --- Neutron Stars
1. -----
2. Pulsars; period of pulsars
3. Neutron stars; rapidly rotation; strong magnetic field
4. Slow-down of isolated pulsars
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· Chap. 24 --- Black Holes
1. Special theory of relativity
· Two principles
a. Same physics laws in different constant-speed frames
b. Constant speed of light, regardless of the motion
· Two effects in space-time:
a. Length contraction
b. ime dilation
2. General theory of relativity
· Equivalence Principle between gravity and acceleration
· Curvature of space
· Gravitational red shift
3. Stellar-mass black holes; X-ray binary system
4. Supermassive black holes; center of galaxies
5. Structure of black holes
· Singularity
· Event Horizon
· Schwarzschild radius
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7. -----
· Chap. 25 --- Our Galaxy
1. Sun’s location in the Galaxy; interstellar extinction; globular cluster
2. Shape of the Galaxy
· disk
· central bulge
· halo
· population of stars in different structure
3. Spiral arms
· radio observation at 21 cm from neutron hydrogen or HI
· star forming region
4. dark matter
· rotation curve
5. Nature of spiral arms
· density waves
6.
· Chap. 26 --- Galaxies
1. -----
2. Distance to galaxies; Cepheid variables
3. Galaxy classifications
· spiral
· barred spiral
· elliptical
· irregular galaxies
4. Distance ladder
· Standard candles
· parallax, spectroscopic parallax, RR Lyrae variable, Cepheid variable, Type 1a supernova
5. The Hubble Law; distance and receding velocity (from redshift) of galaxies
6. Galaxy clusters and superclusters
· Distribution of galaxies
· Filaments
· Voids
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8. Dark matter; rotaton curve; gravitational lensing
9. Galaxy formation
· Chap. 27 --- Quasars, Active Galaxies and Gamma-Ray Bursters
1. Quasars; star-like; distant; luminous
2. Quasars are centers of active galaxies
3. -----
4. AGN (active galactic nuclei)
· super-luminous motion
· AGN variation and size
5. Super-massive black hole, the engine of AGN
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7. Gamma-ray Bursters
· Chap. 28 --- Cosmology: The Origin and Evolution of the Universe
1. Olbers’s paradox
2. Expanding universe
· Hubble law
· Cosmological redshift
· Lookback time
3. Big Bang
· Age of the Universe; from Hubble constant
· Cosmic light horizon or observable universe
4. Cosmic microwave background radition; backboday radiation with a temperature of 2.7 K
5. Universe in the first 380,000 years
· Mass density of matter;
· Mass density of radiatione
· Era of recombination; opaque and transparent unvierse
· primordial fireball
· Afterglow of Big Bang
6. Geometry of universe
· depends on critical density
· closed
· flat
· open
· Our universe is flat
· Dark energy
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· Chap. 29 ---- Exploring the Early Universe
1. Inflation theory
· Isotropy problem
· flatness problem
· Inflation epoch
2. ------
3. Creation of matter and energy during the inflation
· Heisenberg Uncertainty principles
· Matter and anti-matter; virtual pairs
· Annihilation; pair production
4. Universe is built upon ordinary matter only
· threshold temperature
· asymmetry between matter and anti-matter
5. Relics of primordial firemass
· hydrogen and helium
6. galaxy formation
1. Density fluctuation
2. Jean’s Length
3. Bottom-up galaxy formation
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· Chap. 30 ---- The Search for Extraterrestrial Life
1. Building block of life; organic molecules
2. Mars and Europa; existence of liquid water
3. ------
4. Drake equation
5. Radio search for life; water hole
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