Astronomy 111, Session 003
Review Topics on the final exam
The final exam takes place from 7:30 PM to 10:15 PM on Dec. 17, 2007 (Monday).
The exam consists of 100 multiple-choice questions, covering 15 chapters from Chap. 1 to Chap. 15.
Note: if you are using 7-edition textbook, the content covers 17 chapters from Chap. 1 to Chap. 17.
· Chap. 1 --- Astronomy and the Universe (Eight sections but excluding 1-2, 1-3, 1-4 and 1-8)
o 1-1. Scientific methods, hypothesis, model, theory and laws of physics
o 1-5. Angular measure, angular diameter, angular size, angular distance
o 1-6. Powers-of-ten notation
o 1-7. Units of astronomical distances, AU, light year, parsec
·
Chap. 2 ---
Known the Heavens (Eight sections but excluding 2-1, 2-6 and 2-8; also include
o 2.2. Constellations
o 2.3. Diurnal motion of stars, Earth rotation, Annual motion of stars, Earth orbital motion, Polaris
o 2.4. Celestial sphere, celestial equator, celestial poles, zenith
o 2.5. Seasons, tilt of Earth’s axis of rotation, ecliptic plane, two reasons for summer hot (or winter cold), equinoxes (vernal and autumn), solstices (summer and winter), Sun’s daily path
o 2.7. Timekeeping, meridian, noon, apparent solar day, mean sun, mean solar day, time zone, universal time
o
· Chap. 3 --- Eclipses and the Motion of the Moon (Six sections but excluding 3-6)
o 3-1. Phases of the Moon; causes of the phases
o 3-2. Synchronous rotation of Moon; synodic month, sidereal month
o 3-3. Solar and lunar eclipses; causes and configurations
o 3-4. Lunar eclipses; umbra, penumbra;
totality
o 3-5. Solar eclipses; eclipse path; totality
· Chap. 4 --- Gravitation and the Waltz of the Planets (Eight sections but excluding 4-3 and 4-5)
o 4-1. Geocentric models; direct motion, retrograde motion of planets; Ptolemaic systems: deferent, epicycle
o 4-2. Heliocentric model; explanation of retrograde motion; planetary configuration; Inferior planets, elongation, evening stars, morning stars; superior planets, conjunction, opposition; synodic period, sidereal period of planets
o 4-4. Kepler’s three laws of planetary motion; first law on orbital shape; second law on orbital speed, perihelion, aphelion; third law on orbital period and size
o 4-6.
o 4-7.
o 4-8. Tidal force of Moon; high tide, low tide
·
Chap. 5 --- The Nature of Light (Nine sections;
also including
o 5-1. Speed of light
o 5-2. Electromagnetic waves; different types from radio to gamma ray; wavelength and frequency
o 5-3. Blackbody and blackbody radiation
o
o 5-4. Wien’s law on radiation; Stefan-Boltzmann’s law on radiation
o 5-5. Dual properties of light: particle nature and wave nature
o 5-6. Kirchhoff’s laws on spectra: continuous spectrum, emission line spectrum, and absorption line spectrum
o 5-7. Structure of atom
o 5-8. Bohr’s model of atom, orbit and energy levels; emission and absorption
o 5-9. Doppler effect; red shift and blue shift
· Chap. 6 --- Optics and Telescopes (Six sections)
o Note: this whole chapter is not covered in the final exam
· Chap. 7 --- Comparative Planetology I: Our Solar System (Eight sections but excluding 7-2, 7-5 and 7-8)
o 7-1. Terrestrial planet; Jovian planets; differences on size, density, mass
o 7-3. Spectroscope method and chemical composition
o 7-4. Chemical composition of planets; heavy elements versus light elements on temperatures; ices in the solar system
o 7-6. Impact craters; meteoroids; geologic activity
o 7-7. Magnetic field; conducting fluid.
· Chap. 8 --- Comparative Planetology II: the Origin of Our Solar System (Seven sections but excluding 8-7)
o 8-1. Constrains on solar system models
o 8-2 Abundance of chemical elements; origins of H and He; origins of heavy elements; interstellar medium
o 8-3. The age of solar system; radioactive age-dating method
o 8-4 Solar nebula hypothesis; gravitational energy; protosun; protoplanetary disk
o 8-5. Formation of terrestrial planets; condensation temperature; planetesimals; protoplanets
o 8-6. Formation of Jovian planets.
· Chap. 9 --- The Living Earth (Seven sections but excluding 9-6 and 9-7)
o 9-1. Dynamic Earth; three energy sources: radiation, tidal force, and internal heat; convection; greenhouse effect; greenhouse gas
o 9-2. Earth’s interior structure; crust, mantle and core (outer and inner cores); chemical differentiation; seismic waves; melting point.
o 9-3. Plate tectonics; Pangaea; subduction; seafloor spreading
o 9-4. Earth’s magnetosphere
o 9-5. Evolution of Earth’s atmosphere; outgassing; effects of organism; photosynthesis; respiration; oxygen
· Chap. 10 --- Our Barren Moon (Five sections but excluding 10-2 and10-4)
o 10-1: Synchronous rotation; Dark maria; Light-colored highlands
o 10-3: No plate tectonics; Causes of Moonquakes
o 10-5: Formation of the Moon; Collision-ejection theory
· Chap. 11 --- Mercury, Venus and Mars (Nine sections but excluding 11-3, 11-4 and 11-9)
o 11-1: Morning star; Evening star; Elongation; Opposition
o 11-2: Rotation of Venus: retrograde rotation
o 11-5: Venus: flake tectonics, young surface; Mars: crustal dichotomy, old surface, ancient geological activity;
o 11-6: Venus’s thick atmosphere, high temperature, sulfuric acid clouds; strong green house effect; Mars’s thin, cold atmosphere; weak green house effect; seasonal changes of polar ice caps.
o 11-7: Evolution of atmosphere; Outgassing; Runaway greenhouse effect; Runaway icehouse effect; Recycle of greenhouse gases
o 11-8: Water on Mars; Ancient liquid water; frozen water
· Chap. 12 --- Jupiter and Saturn (Eleven sections but excluding 12-5 and 12-11)
o 12-1: Opposition. Cloud-top. Dark belts. Light Zones. Great Red Spot
o 12-2: Fast rotation; Differential rotation; Atmosphere composition
o 12-3: Storm systems; Circular winds; Great red spot
o 12-4: Internal energy source; Temperature gradient; Zonal winds; Cloud heights of dark belts and light zones;
o 12-6: Oblateness, rotation, core; Internal structure
o 12-7: Strong magnetic field; Liquid metallic hydrogen
o 12-8: Saturn’s system of rings.
o 12-9: Ring particles; Roche limit
o 12-10: Ring’s composition. Ringlets.
· Chap. 13 --- Jupiter and Saturn’s Satellites of Fire and Ice (Ten sections but excluding 13-5, 13-7 and 13-10)
o 13-1: Jupiter’s Galilean satellites. Synchronous rotations; Rhythmic relationship
o 13-2: Galilean satellites’ size and density.
o 13-3: Origin of the Galilean satellites; Jovian nebula.
o 13-4: Io: active volcanoes; Internal heat; Tidal heating
o 13-6:
o 13-8: Titan’s thick Atmosphere
o 13-9: Jupiter’s small moons; Retrograde orbit; Capture of asteroids
· Chap. 14 --- Uranus, Neptune, Pluto and Kuiper Belt: Remote Worlds (Ten sections but excluding 14-5 and 14-7)
o 14-1:
Chance discovery of Uranus; calculated discovery of
o 14-2: Uranus’s unusual rotation axis; exaggerated seasonal change
o 14-3:
o 14-4: Internal structure of Uranus and Neptune.
o 14-6: Uranus and Neptune’s rings; Occultation measurement
o 14-8:
o 14-9: Pluto; Charon; Synchronized motions
o 14-10: Trans-Neptunian objects; Kuiper Belt
· Chap. 15 --- Vagabonds of the Solar System (Eight sections but excluding 15-6)
o 15-1: Discovery of asteroids; “missing planet”
o 15-2: Asteroid belt; formation; gravitational effect of Jupiter; Planetesimals failing to form a planet
o 15-3: Asteroid’s shape and composition. “rubble pile”
o 15-4: NEO; impact on Earth; dinosaurs extinction
o 15-5: Meteoroid; meteor; Meteorite.
o 15-7: Comets: Nucleus, coma, hydrogen envelope, dust tail. ion tail; radiation pressure; solar wind pressure
o 15-8: Comet origin; Kuiper Belt. Oort cloud; meteoritic swarm; meteor shower