Astronomy 111, Session 003, Fall 2006
Instructor: Dr. Jie Zhang
Final Review
The final exam will take place from 7:30 PM to 10:15 PM on Dec. 18, 2006
The exam consists of 100 multiple-choice questions, covering 17 chapters from Chap. 1 to Chap. 17
Note 1: In each chapter, all sections are covered, except those explicitly excluded
Note 2: In each chapter, all boxes are excluded, except those explicitly included
· Chap. 1 --- Astronomy and the Universe (8 sections; excluding 1-2, 1-3, 1-4, 1-8)
o 1-1. Scientific methods, hypothesis, model, theory and laws of physics
o 1-5. Angular measure, angular diameter, angular size, angular distance
o 1-6. Powers-of-ten notation
o 1-7. Units of astronomical distances, AU, light year, parsec
·
Chap. 2 ---
Known the Heavens (8 sections; excluding 2-6, 2-8; covering
o 2-1. Ancient civilization, positional astronomy
o 2.2. Constellations
o 2.3. Diurnal motion of stars, Earth rotation, Annual motion of stars, Earth orbital motion, Polaris
o 2.4. Celestial sphere, celestial equator, celestial poles, zenith
o
o 2.5. Seasons, tilt of Earth’s axis of rotation, ecliptic plane, two reasons of why summer is hotter (or winter is colder), equinoxes (vernal and autumn), solstices (summer and winter), Sun’s daily path
o 2-7. Timekeeping, meridian, noon, apparent solar day, mean sun, mean solar day, time zone, universal time
o
· Chap. 3 --- Eclipses and the Motion of the Moon (6 sections; excluding 3-6)
o 3-1. Phases of the Moon (new, waxing crescent, first quarter, waxing gibbous, full, waning gibbous, third quarter, waning crescent, and new); the cause of the phases
o 3-2. Synchronous rotation of Moon; synodic month (29.5 days), sidereal month (27.3 days)
o 3-3. Solar and lunar eclipses; causes and configurations;
o 3-4. Lunar eclipses; umbra, penumbra; totality
o 3-5. Solar eclipses; eclipse path; totality
· Chap. 4 --- Gravitation and the Waltz of the Planets (8 sections; excluding 4-3)
o 4-1. Ancient geocentric models; direct motion, retrograde motion of planets; Ptolemaic systems: cycles on cycles; deferent, epicycle
o 4-2. Heliocentric model of Copernicus; explanation of retrograde motion; planetary configuration; Inferior planets, elongation, evening stars, morning stars; superior planets, conjunction, opposition; synodic period, sidereal period of planets
o 4-4. Kepler’s three laws of planetary motion; first law of shape of orbit; second law of orbital speed, perihelion, aphelion; third law of orbital period and size (P2=a3)
o 4-5. Galileo’s usage of telescope; phases of Venus
o 4-6.
o 4-7.
o 4-8. Tidal force; high tide, low tide; spring tide, neap tide
·
Chap. 5 --- The Nature of Light (9 sections, all covered; box 5-1 and
o 5-1. Speed of light
o 5-2. Wave property of light; Electromagnetic radiation; different types of electromagnetic radiation; wavelength; frequency; color
o 5-3. Blackbody; Blackbody radiation
o
o 5-4. Wien’s law on wavelength of maximum emission ; Stefan-Boltzmann’s law on total energy of blackbody radiation
o 5-5. Dual properties of light: particle and wave
o 5-6. Spectral lines; Kirchhoff’s laws on spectrum: continuous spectrum, emission line spectrum, and absorption line spectrum
o 5-7. Structure of atom
o
o 5-8. Bohr’s model of atom; orbit and energy level; emission; absorption
o 5-9. Doppler effect; red shift and blue shift
· Chap. 6 --- Optics and Telescopes (7 sections; excluding 6-4, 6-6)
o 6-1. Refraction; Refraction telescope; focal point; light-gathering power; magnifying power
o 6-2. Reflection telescope; objective mirror;
o 6-3. Angular resolution; diffraction limit; seeing
o 6-5. Spectrograph; grating
o 6-7. Telescope in orbit; Optical window, radio window; advantages in orbit
· Chap. 7 --- Comparative Planetology I: Our Solar System (8 sections, excluding 7-3, 7-8)
o 7-1. Solar system; Terrestrial planets versus Jovian planets in size, mass, density and composition
o 7-2. Seven large satellites
o 7-4. Chemical composition; Light elements, heavy elements; Ices in the solar system
o 7-5. Asteroids; comets
o 7-6. Impact craters; meteoroids; geologic activity; internal heat
o 7-7. Magnetic field of planets; core of conducting fluid; dynamo
· Chap. 8 --- Comparative Planetology II: the Origin of Our Solar System (6 sections, excluding 8-6)
o 8-1. Requirements of solar system model
o 8-2. Abundance of Chemical elements; Origins of H and He, and heavy elements; interstellar medium
o 8-3. Solar system age; radioactive age-dating
o 8-4. Solar nebula hypothesis; protosun
o 8-5. Protoplanetary disk; condensation temperature; ice particles; planetesimals; protoplanets
· Chap. 9 --- The Living Earth (all 7 sections)
o 9-1. Active Earth; Three sources of energy; Greenhouse effect; Greenhouse gas
o 9-2. Earth’s interior structure; crust, mantle, and core (outer and inner cores); seismic waves
o 9-3. Plate tectonics; Pangaea; Asthenosphere, lithosphere; Seafloor spreading, subduction; Earthquake
o 9-4. Earth’s magnetosphere; solar wind
o 9-5. Earth’s atmosphere; Composition (Nitrogen and Oxygen); Effects of living organism; Photosynthesis and oxygen
o 9-6. Temperature profiles; troposphere and convection; stratosphere and ozone
o 9-7. Earth’s biosphere; Global warming; Ozone hole
· Chap. 10 --- Our Barren Moon (5 sections, excluding 10-4)
o 10-1: Surface. Craters, Terrae, Maria
o 10-2: Manned exploration
o 10-3: Interior. No plate tectonics
o 10-5: Formation. Collision-ejection theory. Tidal force
· Chap. 11 --- Mercury (4 sections)
o 11-1: Difficulty in observing Mercury
o 11-2: Rotation. 3-2 spin-orbit coupling
o 11-3: Surface. No plate tectonics. No atmosphere
o 11-4: Interior. Large core
· Chap. 12 --- Venus (6 sections)
o 12-1: Morning Star, Evening Star. Elongation.
o 12-2: Retrograde rotation of Venus
o 12-3: Thick atmosphere. High temperature. Sulfuric acid clouds
o 12-4: Hot-spot volcanism. Clouds.
o 12-5: Climate evolution. Venus versus Earth. Recycle of greenhouse gases. Runaway greenhouse effect.
o 12-6: Surface (Volcanism) and Interior (no plate-tectonics)
· Chap. 13 --- Mars (8 sections, excluding 13-6, 13-7 and 13-8)
o 13-1: Best observation of Mars, opposition.
o 13-2: Illusion of seasonal color changes. Canal illusion.
o
13-3: Surface. Craters. Volcanoes, Olympus
o 13-4: Water on Mars. Polar ice caps. Frozen water
o 13-5: Climate evolution. Atmosphere. Runaway icehouse effect. Frozen water. Locked carbon dioxide
· Chap. 14 --- Jupiter and Saturn (12 sections, excluding 14-5, 14-8, 14-11, 14-12)
o 14-1: Orbital motion, opposition. Cloud-top. Dark belts. Light Zones. Great Red Spot
o 14-2: Differential rotation of Jupiter and Saturn
o 14-3: Atmosphere. Composition (hydrogen and helium). Saturn’s helium deficiency. Great Red Spot.
o 14-4: Energy of atmospheric motion; Internal energy source. Temperature gradient.
o 14-6: Oblateness. Core. Internal structure of Jupiter and Saturn
o 14-7: Magnetic field. Liquid metallic hydrogen
o 14-9: Saturn’s rings. Rings and gaps.
o 14-10: Ring’s composition. Ring particles. Roche Limit.
· Chap. 15 --- Satellites of Jupiter and Saturn (10 sections, excluding 15-5, 15-7, 15-10)
o 15-1: Jupiter’s Galilean satellites, Io,
o 15-2: Relative density and composition of the four Galilean satellites
o 15-3: Origin of the Galilean satellites. Jovian nebula.
o 15-4: Io. Volcanoes. Tidal heating
o 15-6:
o 15-8: Titan. Atmosphere and appearance of Titan
o 15-9: Jupiter’s small moons; Capture of asteroids
· Chap. 16 --- Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto (9 sections, excluding 16-5, 16-6, 16-7, 16-8)
o 16-1:
Chance discovery of Uranus; Predicted
discovery of
o 16-2: Uranus’s atmosphere. High concentration of Methane, color. Unusual rotation axis. Exaggerated seasonal change
o 16-3:
o 16-4: Internal structure of Uranus and Neptune (rocky core, liquid water/ammonia, liquid hydrogen/helium, atmosphere)
o 16-9: Pluto. Charon. Kuiper Belt. (Pluto not a planet any more)
· Chap. 17 --- asteroids and comets (9 sections)
o 17-1: Discovery of asteroids. “Missing planet”
o 17-2: Asteroid belt. Formation. Gravitational effect of Jupiter. Planetesimals failing to form a planet
o 17-3: Asteroid’s shape and composition. “rubble pile”
o 17-4: Trojan asteroids. Lagrange points. NEO. Iridium layer. Dinosaurs extinction
o 17-5: Meteoroid, Meteor. Meteorite.
o 17-6: Meteorite’s trace on solar system formation
o 17-7: Comet. Nucleus. Coma. Hydrogen envelope. Dust tail. Ion tail. Radiation pressure. Solar wind
o 17-8: Comet origin. Kuiper Belt. Oort cloud
o 17-9: Meteoritic swarm. Meteor shower